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Polio: What you need to know

Poliomyelitis, also known as polio, is an infectious disease caused by the poliovirus. This virus attacks the nervous system and can lead to irreversible paralysis, primarily in young children. Although polio has been largely eradicated in many areas through vaccination, it remains a threat in some regions where vaccination coverage is insufficient.

Poliomyelitis, also called polio, is an infectious disease caused by the poliovirus. This virus attacks the nervous system and can lead to irreversible paralysis, mainly in young children. Although polio has been largely eradicated in many regions thanks to vaccination, it remains a threat in certain areas where vaccine coverage is insufficient.

Symptoms of poliomyelitis

Most poliovirus infections (about 70%) are asymptomatic. However, in some cases, symptoms may include :

Fever and fatigue
Headaches
Muscle pain
Nausea and vomiting
Neck stiffness and back pain

In severe cases (less than 1%), polio can cause paralysis, often asymmetrical, mainly affecting the legs. This paralysis can be permanent and lead to lifelong disabilities.

Mode of transmission

Poliovirus is transmitted primarily through the fecal–oral route, often via :

Consumption of contaminated water or food
Direct contact with an infected person
Poor hygiene, such as inadequate handwashing

The virus is especially contagious in areas with poor sanitation.

Prevention

Vaccination is the main preventive measure against poliomyelitis. Two types of vaccines are used :

Oral polio vaccine (OPV) : Used in some regions; it is effective but can, in rare cases, lead to vaccine-derived polio.
Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV): Given by injection; it is safe and widely used in developed countries.

In addition, improving sanitation and access to safe drinking water reduces the spread of the virus.

Treatment

There is no specific treatment for poliomyelitis. Care focuses on symptom relief and rehabilitation :

Physiotherapy to prevent deformities and strengthen muscles
Orthopedic devices to support affected limbs
Supportive care to manage pain and fever

Epidemiological data

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), polio has been reduced by more than 99% since 1988 thanks to global vaccination efforts. In 2023, only a few cases were reported, mainly in Afghanistan and Pakistan. However, global eradication has not yet been achieved, and vigilance remains necessary. In France, polio vaccination is mandatory for children and is included in the combined vaccine (DTaP-IPV).

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